The essential materials for making concrete blocks are a hydraulic binder, water and aggregate, and, in the case of aerated concrete blocks only, a reactive foaming agent to produce their characteristic cellular structure. Additives and/or admixtures are also used sometimes to extend the product range.

水硬性胶结料、水和集料是制作混凝土砌块的基本材料，只有在制作加气混凝土砌块的情况下，才用一种产生多孔结构特性的活性泡沫剂。有时还使用添加剂和/或外加剂来扩大产品的范围。

The binder is a Portland cement either alone or mixed with lime, pulverized-fuel ash or ground granulated blastfurnace slag. The Portland cement is usually of ordinary or rapid-hardening type; others are used only when their special properties are required in specific applications. A very wide range of aggregates are used; they may be of dense or lightweight type, normally with a maximum size not exceeding 10 mm. The most common additives are pigments used to impart different colours; admixtures, such as retarders, accelerators and water-reducing agents, are used to facilitate the block manufacturing processes or to impart certain special properties to the finished blocks.

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胶结料可以是单独使用的硅酸盐水泥，或者将其与石灰、粉煤灰或磨细的粒化高炉渣混合使用。通常采用普通型或快硬型的硅酸盐水泥；其他类型只是在特殊用途中，要求具有特殊性质时才使用。使用的集料范围很广，可以是致密的或者是轻型的，通常其最大尺寸不超过 10mm。最普通的添加剂是赋予砌块不同颜色的颜料。外加剂，诸如缓凝剂、速凝剂和减水剂，被用来简化砌块的制造过程或者赋予成品砌块以某些特殊的性质。

There are two main types of concrete blocks, aggregate concrete blocks and aerated concrete blocks. There are three basic forms of concrete block, solid, cellular, and hollow, and within each type a variety of products are available thus providing versatility to blockwork construction both in style and function. A solid block has no formed holes or cavities other than those inherent in the material, although it may contain transverse slots to facilitate cutting, while cellular and hollow blocks have one or more formed holes or cavities which in hollow blocks pass right through them. It should be noted that all three forms of block can be produced using aggregate concrete but with aerated concrete only the solid form can be manufactured.

主要有两种类型的混凝土砌块：集料混凝土砌块和加气混凝土砌块。有三种基本形式的混凝土砌块：实心的、多孔的和空心的，在每一种类型中，可以得到多种多样的产品，因此在风格和功能上都能为砌块工程结构提供多方面的适用性。实心的砌块，尽管它可能带有便于切割的横向槽缝，除了材料中固有的微小气泡外，不形成任何孔、洞；而多孔的或空心的砌块则有一个或更多的孔或洞；在空心砌块中，孔或洞贯穿整个砌块。应当注意，所有这三种形式的砌块都可以用集料混凝土来制作，但是加气混凝土只能用来制作实心砌块。

The properties of concrete blocks depend to a varying degree on the type and proportions of the constituent materials, the manufacturing process, and the mode and duration of curing employed, as well as on the form and size of the block itself. Since all of these can vary greatly, it is advisable to consult the manufacturer's literature for specific information on his product.

混凝土砌块的性质在不同程度上依赖于组成材料的种类和比例、制作过程、采用的养护方式和持续时间，以及砌体本身的形式和尺寸。由于这些因素的变化范围很大，最好是查阅制造厂家关于其产品的详细说明。

Density

The density of concrete blocks is largely a function of the aggregate density, size and grading, degree of compaction or aeration and the block form. The typical range for dry density is 500 to 2100 kg/, with aerated and solid dense aggregate concrete blocks being on the lighter and heavier end of the scale respectively and lightweight and dense aggregate concrete blocks of cellular and hollow form falling in the middle of the range.

密度

混凝土砌块的密度主要是集料密度、粒径和级配、捣实或加气的程度和砌块的形式的函数。典型的干燥密度的范围是 500-2100 kg/，加气的和实心密实的集料混凝土砌块分别对应于这个范围以轻到重的两个端点，而轻质的和密实的集料的多孔和空心混凝土砌块则位于此范围的中间。

Strength

In addition to size, compressive strength is the basic requirement of concrete blocks. The compressive strength of concrete blocks is dependent mainly on their mix composition ( in particular binder content), degree of compaction (or aeration) and to a lesser extent on the aggregate type and curing normally used. In general, for a given set of materials the strength of a concrete block will increase with its density.

强度

除尺寸外，混凝土砌块的基本要求是抗压强度，混凝土砌块的抗压强度主要取决于其混合料的成分（特别是胶结料的含量）、捣实（或加气）的程度，而较少依赖于集料的种类和正常的养护。一般来说，对于给定的材料，混凝土砌块的强度随其密度的提高而提高。

Modulus of Elasticity

As a general rule, the modulus of elasticity of concrete blocks can be assumed to be related to their strength, increasing as strength increases. However, in the case of aggregate concrete blocks it is greatly influenced by the type of aggregate used and, in the case of autoclaved aerated concrete, by the degree of aeration. The modulus of elasticity is not normally quoted and when this information is required the manufacturer should be asked to furnish it.

弹性模量

通常可以假定混凝土砌块的弹性模量与其强度相关，即弹性模量随强度的提高而提高。然而，对于集料混凝土砌块，弹性模量受到所用集料品种很大的影响。对于高压蒸气养护的加气混凝土，则砌块弹性模量受加气程度的影响。混凝土砌块的弹性模量通常是不标出的，当需要这方面资料时，可直接向制造厂商索取。

Dimensional Changes

Concrete blocks will undergo some dimensional changes owing to variations in the ambient moisture and temperature conditions. The magnitude of such movements, to a varying degree, is largely influenced by the constituent materials ( mainly the aggregate), mix proportions and the process of block-manufacturing adopted. Drying shrinkage is considered to be the most important in normal applications. It should be noted, however, that the drying shrinkage of concrete blocks can be reduced significantly by ensuring that the blocks are properly matured and by preventing them from becoming excessively wet on site prior to their use.

The thermal coefficient of expansion of concrete blocks ranges between 8 and 12×/K, with autoclaved aerated and artificial lightweight aggregate concrete blocks usually having a value

around 8×/K.

尺寸变化

由于环境湿度和温度条件的变化，混凝土砌块的尺寸将会发生一些变化。尺寸变化的大小在很大程度 上受组成材料（主要是集料）、配合比和砌块的制造过程的影响。在正常使用中，干燥时的收缩被认为是最重要的。然而，应该注意的是，通过确保混凝土砌块的适当成型，并防止它们在使用前在现场过湿，可以显著减少混凝土砌块的干燥收缩。

混凝土砌块的热膨胀系数范围为（8~12)×K。高压蒸养加气混凝土砌块和人造轻集料混凝土砌块的热膨胀系数通常在8×K左右。

Durability

In general, concrete blocks are adequately durable for most normal applications. As a general rule, in extreme conditions pollution (chemical attack) and weather (frost attack), fair faced blocks with strength in excess of 7 N/ should be used. It should be noted that open-textured blocks are no more susceptible to frost attack than other blocks owing to the freedom with which water can move within the block on freezing.

耐久性

一般来说，对大多数普通用途，混凝土砌块具有足够的耐久性。按一般规律，在污染（化学气体）和（气候冰冻侵蚀）的恶劣条件下，应当使用强度超过7N/ 的平饰面砌块。应当注意，开放组织的砌块由于在结冰时水能在砌块中自由移动，并不比其它砌块更容易遭受冰冻的侵蚀。

Efflorescence

Efflorescence of the type found in clay bricks is rarely a problem with concrete blocks. Such efflorescence as occurs in concrete blocks normally consists of sodium, potassium and calcium carbonates formed as a result of a reaction between the corresponding free hydroxides brought to the surface and atmospheric carbon dioxide.

粉化

在黏土砖中发现的那种粉化问题很少在混凝土砌块中出现。当在混凝土砌块中产生钠和钙的碳酸盐时就会发生粉化。这些碳酸盐是由相应的氢氧化物和大气中二氧化碳之间反应而形成的。

Fire Resistance

In general, concrete blocks have good fire-resistance properties. However, their actual fire-endurance is controlled by numerous factors, for example the type and grading of aggregate and the cement content in the mix, the form, weight and thickness of the block and its moisture content. As a general rule, most concrete blocks of 100 mm thickness can provide an adequate resistance to fire for up to 2 hours if load-bearing or up to 4 hours if nonload-bearing but specific information should be obtained from the manufacturer.

耐火性

一般来说，混凝土砌块具有良好的耐火性。然而，实际上的耐火性受到许多因素控制，例如集料的品种和级配，以及混合料中水泥的含量，砌块的形式、重量和厚度及其含水量。通常，大多数厚度为100mm的混凝土砌块的耐火性，在承载时可达2小时，在非承载时可达4小时，但具体的资料应从制造厂家处获取。